Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay As an understudy as of now taking the International Baccalaureate, I continually question the contrasts between the few subject matters which I study. In a period where innovation shows consistent improvements which trigger new disclosures and build up new realities, a basic viewpoint is fundamental so as to survey the legitimacy and constraints of information guarantees that emerge inside these fields. The twenty-first century has been known as the period of data, where people can impart uninhibitedly and where information turns out to be progressively available. This appears to make a domain where information succeeds unreservedly, and where uncertainty is continuously getting wiped out. Nonetheless, many despite everything contend this new period of data assault makes a bogus impression of sureness, and a progression of unsupported feelings. Practically all subject matters have a specific method of accomplishing estimations of truth, when that is conceivable at all. This is legitimately connected to the methods of knowing in Theory of Knowledge, (feeling, recognition, language and reason) just as through the techniques each field utilizes in its endeavors to clarify something, or to arrive at truth. Besides, it is essential to perceive the few â€Å"paradigm shifts†, as in the term originally authored by Thomas Kuhn[1], that change the observation and strategies through which we gain and decipher information, just as our meaning of truth. Logical sureness gets from incalculable experimentations and perceptions, and many discussion whether logical truth can ever be reached. History, then again, is thoroughly founded on close to home understanding and translation of individual records, which takes into consideration prejudice and inclination. This article means to assess and recognize these two subject matters, just as decide the conceivable authenticity and assurance that can be gotten from the information claims created in each field. Verifiable examination is one the most disputable subject matters, potentially due its very questionable and unsure nature. History specialists may differ over the causes and results of about any chronicled occasion. Remember that history depends on standards. Therefore, it s practically difficult to locate a specific period in history which has not been set apart by questions between students of history, endeavoring to figure out what really occurred. Thomas Carlyle, a nineteenth century student of history and educator at the University of Edinburgh, when expressed that â€Å"The history of the world is nevertheless the account of incredible men†, a reference to The Great Man Theory, one of the numerous ideal models that have twisted the state of recorded examination. In the event that we accept the Second World War for instance, it appears as though the chronicled setting of the war is seen through the activities of men, for example, Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini and Winston Churchill. Another worldview that can be seen in authentic idea is the â€Å"Rise and Fall† idea, which will in general assess the historical backdrop of realms and chronicled controls as far as two stages: the climb and decay. Instances of this worldview can be found in numerous titles of history books: â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Holy Roman Empire[2]†, â€Å"The Growth and Decline of the French Monarchy[3]†, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich[4]†, among others. Besides, as we break down the historical backdrop of the Second World War, we likewise discover relationships with another verifiable worldview, best exemplified by the well known maxim: â€Å"History is composed by the victor†. The contention proposed is very clear; the individuals who triumph at War and arrive at force will unavoidably impact and decide the course of history. So as to all the more likely show this case, two concentrates follow, concerning the Nazi intrusion of the Soviet Union in June 1941; the initial, a communicate by Winston Churchill to the British individuals, lastly a discourse given by Adolph Hitler in Berlin, declaring the attack of the USSR: â€Å"At 4 oclock at the beginning of today Hitler assaulted and attacked Russia. (†¦) A non-hostility bargain had been gravely marked and was in power between the two nations. †¦) Then, unexpectedly, without statement of war, German bombs poured down from the sky upon the Russian urban communities. (†¦) Hitler is a beast of wickedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [5] Winston Churchill, London, June 22 1941 â€Å"National Socialists! (†¦)The German individuals have never had antagonistic sentiments toward the people groups of Russia ( ) Germany has never endeavored to spread its National Socialist perspective to Russia. Or maybe, the Jewish-Bolshevist rulers in Moscow have continually endeavored to subject us and the other European people groups to their standard. (†¦) which were especially serious for Germans living in the influenced countries. †¦) The motivation behind this front is not, at this point the insurance of the individual countries, but instead the security of Europe, and accordingly the salvation of everybody. May God help us in this fight. † Adolph Hitler, Berlin, June 25 1941[6] Analyzing the two addresses, the challenges of approving a recorded record become very obvious, since there are consistently a few points of view concerning a particular authentic occasion. As it identifies with the methods of knowing, history is very subject to discernment and language, making it especially hard for students of history looking back to support one record over the other and perceive its authenticity. In any case, offering an individual point of view, I would in all probability will in general help Churchill’s record of the 1941 Nazi control of the USSR. However, in the wake of uncovering the vulnerabilities and uncertainty of recorded information, I start to address whether my observation would contrast, had Hitler and the Axis’ powers won the war. Sadly, it appears that would in all probability be the situation. Science is generally viewed as one of the most solid fields of request. While thinking about its potential for exact and fair ends, my underlying reaction was to consider the logical strategy the perfect, prototype model of revelation. History appears to be essentially excessively indistinguishable from human feeling and translation to create a continually undeniable record of realities, while science has all the earmarks of being the most solid and exact subject matter, exclusively dependent on discernment, experimental proof and perceptible examples. The logical technique, beginning with an anticipated theory, trailed by an investigation, assortment and translation of information, which at last prompts an end which could be rehashed by some other researcher, gives the impression of being the ideal â€Å"truth formula†. Then again, when taking a gander at the advancement of science after some time, it is imperative to understand that, along with different subject matters, genuine sureness can never be accomplished in science. In any event, when logical models endure continued testing which neglect to refute them, they can't be all around acknowledged as facts, yet just temporary certainties that are basically given useful conviction. The Caloric Theory[7], presented by Lavoisier, was previously a normally acknowledged hypothesis that was defamed in the nineteenth century by the mechanical hypothesis of warmth presented via Carnot[8], which later on advanced into the study of thermodynamics. This backings the case that logical â€Å"truths† just exist on their particular â€Å"scope of applicability†[9]: â€Å"Science advances through experimentation, for the most part blunder. Each new hypothesis or law must be suspiciously and thoroughly tried before acknowledgment. Most come up short, and are hidden away from plain view, even before distribution. Others, similar to the luminiferous ether[10], thrive for some time, at that point their insufficiencies aggregate till they are insufferable, and they are unobtrusively deserted when something better tags along. Such mix-ups will be discovered. Theres consistently somebody who will have a great time uncovering them. Science advances by committing errors, revising the mix-ups, at that point proceeding onward to different issues. In the event that we quit committing errors, logical advancement would stop. † [11] All in all, it appears that vulnerability will consistently be a constant piece of each subject matter. We can likewise reason that recorded and logical information have a fantastically extraordinary method of clarifying and deciphering things, for the most part because of the methods of knowing, or as indicated by which channel every subject matter endeavors to communicate their thoughts, and make determinations. While many may contend that the principle motivation behind these subject matters is to clarify and create answers, some would state that their point is request, and their motivation is to produce questions. On the off chance that we break down these fields looking back, it is difficult to debate the case that what we currently consider hard realities are just speculations holding on to be undermined by the advancement of our reality. In spite of the fact that from the outset I ended up to be frustrated with my discoveries, I confess to being off base. The quest for information, the mission for truth, is a ceaseless pattern of revelations, and in particular rediscoveries. When we are sure of anything, we execute this cycle, we close the book, and the whole procedure loses criticalness and setting. In the human drive for information and higher mindfulness, as in the inquiries that produce the apprehension and distress of human awareness, there can never be an irrefutable truth, an unquestionable answer, for conviction is a fantasy.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Advertising Management - Essay Example From that point onwards, the paper shows an investigation of the company’s smaller scale condition and full scale condition. There are numerous components in the company’s inward and outer condition and it is fundamental for the chiefs to see everything about these situations. In today’s world, it isn't just the inside condition of the organization that is significant yet in addition the outer powers that follow up on the organization and impact the manner in which it works. Consequently, Emirates Airline must comprehend its condition and manage it successfully. Besides, a SWOT investigation of the organization is done to get a comprehensive perspective on the organization so as to all the more likely get it. Lastly, proposals are made, after broad research on the organization and its condition, with regards to what changes the organization must embrace so as to stay away from disappointment and keep flourishing in today’s testing condition. There are numerous advantages of doing client examination for Emirates Airlines. Right off the bat, note that Emirates Airlines works in excess of 50 nations all through the world (Nasser, et al, 2005). This implies it experiences with a wide cluster of societies in its client base. It would be incomprehensible for the organization to deal with its activities on the off chance that it didn't comprehend these societies and didn't take into account them independently. There are numerous progressions occurring in today’s world. The clients are substantially more educated because of mechanical headways and the across the board of web. There is progressively savage rivalry in the carrier business and the client discernments and inclinations are changing because of the worldwide downturn and mindfulness. Every one of these components finish up to changes in the requests of the clients. By doing an exhaustive examination of the clients evolving needs, Emirates Airlines can tailor its advertising blend, conveyance channels and contributions

How To Work Better

How To Work Better How to Start Being More Productive Home›Tips for Students›How to Start Being More Productive Tips for StudentsIf you have come to the conclusion you should be more productive, here are the best tips for you to follow. You will notice the changes pretty soon.    Best Success TipsBelow are some tips that will help you make your life better and easier as well as teach you to work effectively. Try them out and become more productive!1. Never wait for a particular day when you will start your dream project. The time is now!2.   Grand projects are the best triggers for your energy: they release it. So try to think about your ambitious goals at least for a couple of minutes every day.3. The mess is all about stress, so try to avoid messy situations and conditions in all aspects of your life. TV is one of the sources of stress, so get rid of it.4. Do your routine activities according to timetable. Wake up at the particular time and try to do it early in the morning. Afterwards, do some exercise and relax.5. Try not to multitask, because you get distracted. Don’t say yes to every offer you get and avoid energy vampires.6. Get fit. When you look good, you feel good, and this is one of the ways how to work better. “Sound mind in a sound body” is not just a proverb, it is a rule, so exercise.7 Drink enough water. To avoid exhaustion, you need to fill your body with water and stay hydrated.8. Try to work for 90 minutes. Then, make a break at least for 10 minutes to recharge and recover.9. Organize and prioritize things that you have to do first.10. Disappear. Sometimes, you just need to get away from people. It is a precious time for thinking, writing down ideas, and planning your future with no one to distract you.

How To Work Better

How To Work Better How to Start Being More Productive Home›Tips for Students›How to Start Being More Productive Tips for StudentsIf you have come to the conclusion you should be more productive, here are the best tips for you to follow. You will notice the changes pretty soon.    Best Success TipsBelow are some tips that will help you make your life better and easier as well as teach you to work effectively. Try them out and become more productive!1. Never wait for a particular day when you will start your dream project. The time is now!2.   Grand projects are the best triggers for your energy: they release it. So try to think about your ambitious goals at least for a couple of minutes every day.3. The mess is all about stress, so try to avoid messy situations and conditions in all aspects of your life. TV is one of the sources of stress, so get rid of it.4. Do your routine activities according to timetable. Wake up at the particular time and try to do it early in the morning. Afterwards, do some exercise and relax.5. Try not to multitask, because you get distracted. Don’t say yes to every offer you get and avoid energy vampires.6. Get fit. When you look good, you feel good, and this is one of the ways how to work better. “Sound mind in a sound body” is not just a proverb, it is a rule, so exercise.7 Drink enough water. To avoid exhaustion, you need to fill your body with water and stay hydrated.8. Try to work for 90 minutes. Then, make a break at least for 10 minutes to recharge and recover.9. Organize and prioritize things that you have to do first.10. Disappear. Sometimes, you just need to get away from people. It is a precious time for thinking, writing down ideas, and planning your future with no one to distract you.

Advertising Of The Ad Agency Model - 912 Words

I recently asked my good friend Google, â€Å"is advertising dead?† Google responded with over 100 million articles, blogs and PhD thesis on the subject. As I perused several of the links, I couldn’t find consensus between publishers and agency insiders claiming the industry is stronger than ever, and other marketing minds bemoaning the fact that advertising’s glory days are long gone and the whole industry is dying a slow and painful death. The overall health of the ad business is a hotly debated topic in trade journals and industry conferences. I confess I believe that the ad agency model is archaic and in desperate need of an overhaul, but the actual act of advertising is here to stay. Brands will always need ways to communicate compelling messages to their target audiences, and consumers will always accept a certain amount of ad interruption if it means they can get free, or lower cost, access to the content they really want to consume. And, believe it or no t, consumers sometimes even enjoy advertisements. I personally know people who requested Ikea’s catalog, opted in for Victoria Secret’s emails, watched the Super Bowl solely because of the commercials, and I even admit to once voluntarily clicking on a Facebook ad. BUT, all is not well in ad-land, and that’s because a radical recalibration is happening amongst brand leaders who are starting to ask a different question, which is, â€Å"how little advertising can my brand get away with?† Perhaps a bit scary for those who makeShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Creative Without Strategy1586 Words   |  7 Pagesto Jef I. Richards quotes: â€Å"Creative without strategy is called â€Å"art†. Creative with strategy is called† advertising† This statement shows a discussion between two statements. Firstly, this essay will discuss about what is creativity and why is it important in advertising, the evidence and shows how and why the creative idea works or doesn’t work. What is the strategy? Refers to The Advertising Concept book (Barry 2008). Strategy refers to the overall marketing or selling approach† Strategy is everythingRead MoreDeveloping A Schedule. Where Do You Begin To Prepare Your1552 Words   |  7 PagesDeveloping a schedule Where do you begin to prepare your advertising schedule? The best point of reference is the creative or advertising brief. Here, you will be given a direction on how long the campaign should run for, when it should begin and when it should end, along with other relevant information. You may choose to run it over days, weeks, months or even years. Regardless of which option you select, the length and timing of the campaign will be determined by the targets set by the originalRead MoreThe, Colorado And California A M Kingsville975 Words   |  4 Pageshas, the hottest model in Victoria’s Secret, but according to her, she is fat in contrast with her, also she want to emulate Julia in every aspect of her day life. Like Tina, many girls are fascinating in the way that fashion is, with exotic designs or unique smell, but they do not recognize that advertising is striking them more than they believe. Eating disorders and self-esteem problems are an unexpected result of advertising, to solve the problems, companies could use models with regular bodyRead MoreA Brief History of the Development of Advertising1461 Words   |  6 PagesNAME – KUNTAL BOSE DEPARTMENT – PGDM ROLL – PGDM/10/013 ASSIGNMENT – A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVERTISING DEFINITION - Advertising is a  process, not a medium in its own right, although it uses different media forms to communicate. Advertising, in its simplest form, is the way in which the vendor or manufacturer of a product communicates with consumers via a medium, or many different media. HISTORY EgyptiansRead MoreHow Are Teenagers Affected By Advertisements For Fast Food?1468 Words   |  6 Pages Munusamy and Wong argue that advertising has become one of the important elements in our modern life (Munusamy and Wong). According to the most recent forecast of US advertising spending, eMarketer expects US advertisers to spend $171.01 billion on paid media this year, up 3.6% over 2012 spending levels (US Total Media Ad Spend Inches Up, Pushed by Digital - EMarketer.). Besides, the increasing concern from the businessmen who spend a lot of money on advertising, there are also a rising numberRead MoreAdvertising agencies today are confronted with the ever-evolving nature of technology and new1000 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertising agencies today are confronted with the ever-evolving nature of technology and new applications that are continually being devised. Traditional advertising methods such as billboards, newspapers, magazines, radio and even broadcast television advertising are becoming less effective due to the significant increase in the number of platforms for getting messages to target audiences. In my essay I will discuss the challenges that the digitalization of communications has had on advertisingRead MoreDeceptive Advertising1524 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Term Paper Principles of Marketing MKT 2423 Angela Hanson Deceptive Advertising Deceptive advertising has been around since the beginning of time and still prevalent today. Sometimes it is done unknowingly by an advertiser, however more often than not; it is done with the intent to mislead the consumer making deceptive advertising a relevant marketing ethics issue. Deceptive advertising is a growing trend among business in our society. This trend includes directly trying to deceive consumersRead MoreDeceptive Advertising Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Term Paper Deceptive Advertising Deceptive advertising has been around since the beginning of time and still prevalent today. Sometimes it is done unknowingly by an advertiser, however more often than not; it is done with the intent to mislead the consumer making deceptive advertising a relevant marketing ethics issue. Deceptive advertising is a growing trend among business in our society. This trend includes directly trying to deceive consumers into thinking that they are gettingRead MoreWhy Marketers Must Stop Being Distracted942 Words   |  4 Pagesand media publishers and media buying agencies have been quick to provide them. The outcome is a multi-billion dollar industry dedicated to paid mass media solutions that place greater emphasis on efficiency than effectiveness. Case in point†¦ If you study where brands’ ad dollars are actually being deployed, it appears to be shockingly little accountability or sufficient rationale for the excessive expenditures in particular channels. E-marketer’s study of ad spending by medium between 2010-2014Read MoreThe Advertisement Of The Super Bowl1192 Words   |  5 Pagessecond advertisement during the Super Bowl costs approximately 4 million dollars (Yes, A Super Bowl Ad Really Is Worth $4 Million). These commercials often feature scantily-clad women using a wide array of products. For the exorbitant amount of money that advertising companies spend on these ads, it seems that they should do something that would be more attention-grabbing. In reality, this advertising technique is one of the most effective ways for corporations to sell their products. Humans naturally

The Effects Of Cameras On School Schools - 1304 Words

As an increase in horrific school mass-shootings throughout the United States within the past two decades have led to a scare in multiple schools nationwide. Such notable shootings that have taken place at schools like Columbine High School in 1999 and Sandy Hook Elementary in 2012. As a result, safety has risen in school, especially in a district located in Biloxi, Mississippi, where they implemented cameras into every classroom to monitor the action of everyone on school grounds. Everything a student or faculty member does or says will be under surveillance and be available for access by school administrators. Therefore, if there is suspicion that a student cheated on a test, if a student stole property, or any action that is deemed illegal and inappropriate for school, the school administrators would notice it as it is happening and enforce a consequence among that student(s). As a result of the classroom surveillance system, students have been better both academically and physically. On the other hand, people argue that the cameras are negatively impacting the students, as well as violating their rights. The two sides of this dilemma reflect different viewpoints and opinions, therefore this is a moral dilemma. With the point of view from the school district, the dilemma involves whether or not the district is infringing the civil liberties of the students by having cameras in every classroom. Civil liberties can be described as being subjecting to and protected by lawsShow MoreRelatedWhy Safety Is The Most Important Aspect Of School1399 Words   |  6 Pagesabout school, what is the first thing that pops into peoples minds? Academics? School appearances? The answer is safety. Safety is the most important aspect of school because if students do not feel safe, they will not learn. Safety is â€Å"the state of being safe; freedom from the occurrence or ris k of injury, danger, or loss† (Dictionary.com). This research paper will talk about why safety is the school’s number one, what teachers and schools are doing to ensure students feel safe in school and theRead MorePros and Cons of Installing Closed-Circuit Television Cameras in Classrooms to Prevent Misbehavior1512 Words   |  7 PagesInstallation of surveillance camera systems as a way to deter crimes or criminal acts has gained traction in recent years. In some countries, surveillance camera systems – also known as closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras – have also installed in educational institutions as a security measure to address fears for the safety of the students (Hope, 2004; Corpuz, 2011). The trend, however, did not stop. From halls and corridors, some education institutions have started to install cameras inside the classroomsRead MoreAlfred As The Master Of Suspense In The Climbing Frame Scene In The Film The Birds1485 Words   |  6 P agesthe short story The Birds by Daphne Du Maurier. The film was directed by Alfred Hitchcock, a British born director who is known for other tense, suspense filled films such as Psycho and Vertigo. Due to the extensive special effects of the film, it took three years to make. During the film Hitchcock created several suspense filled, tense scenes. Including the Climbing Frame scene. Alfred Hitchcock tries to live up to his title The Master Of Suspense whilst creating Read MoreMetal Detectors Should Not Be Scanned, Treated Like A Criminal?954 Words   |  4 Pages Would you like to come to school like a prisoner? To be scanned, treated like a criminal? Of course not. Adding metal detectors to schools would do just that. It would be unjust and downright disrespectful. The schools are saying they don t trust its own people. Speaker ________ said that using metal detectors reduces the risk of entering school with weapons. However, according to the U.S. Department of Justice, metal detectors are usually not effective when used on purses, backpacks, briefcasesRead MoreHoles Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesStanley Yelnats who follows a journey like his great great great grandfather did. He was sent to Camp Green Lakes for a crime that he did not commit and when he arrived at camp he uncovered some of his family secrets. Techniques such as camera angles, sound effects and color constructs the characters and atmosphere in the film which creates the mood.These film codes are very important in the film as they help the viewer understand the story and conventions better. Body Paragraph 1: Character 2Read MoreIncreasing Security During Modern Society1127 Words   |  5 PagesThink back to probably the worst school shooting shook the country when 26 people were killed at Sandy Hook Elementary School and 20 out of the 26 were children. Then more mass shootings have occurred and terrorist attacks. There clearly needs to be an increase of security in modern society. Security in modern society should be increased by the use of metal detectors, gun laws, and surveillance for the people. First of all there have been too many terror attacks, school shootings, and mass shootingsRead MoreSurveillance And The Threat Of Terrorism1381 Words   |  6 Pagestelevision-camera systems in banks, stores, and metal detectors in airports to airborne heat sensing devices used by environmental officials to detect water polluters, and secret military satellites with a wide range of detection devices. Other examples include sensors, night vision devices, alarm systems, global positioning system (GPS) trackers, even unmanned aerial vehicles, known as drones (1 and 11). Although several people believe strongly in crime prevention with the use of these effects of surveillanceRead MoreSurveillance Camera1467 Words   |  6 PagesSurveillance cameras in banks, offices, shops and streets have been very successful in reducing crime in the workplace and in public, but they are also a tool for their users to spy on peoples private business. Surveillance is a close observation of a person or a group, especially one under suspicion for the purpose of influencing, directing, managing, or protecting. It creates both positive and negative effects. It is very useful for governments and law enforcements to maintain social controlRead MoreSurveillance Cameras On The United States1742 Words   |  7 Pagestheory: The history of the surveillance camera, The present day use of the Surveillance Camera, Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States, When Surveillance cameras effect behavior, and When Surveillance Cameras do not effect behavior. The use of Surveillance Cameras alters or sustains a person’s behavior, based on the situation presented. History Present Day Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States It is no surprise that surveillance cameras are used worldwide. However, do countriesRead MoreGus Van Sants Elephant1070 Words   |  4 PagesVan Sant’s film represents the reality of high school, focusing on the look of its beauty, characters, while also ignoring the basic grime inherent on most campuses. Van Sant takes pride in portraying a valuable image. What’s in the room really touches you if it is closely examined. The hallways and the fields of the school are in pristine condition, staying abnormally clean, almost too clean for a school. Despite this seeming glorification of the building, the hallways are kept as a constant

Motivational Plan Free Essays

There are five basic theories of motivation. 1) Self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. 2) Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3) Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s beliefs about abilities. 4) Social cognitive theory states that human behavior comes from their attributes. 5) Goal orientation theory wants to know the reasons for doing tasks. Self-Determination Theory The self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. A need for autonomy, which is to feel a sense of self-directedness, the need to feel competent, and the need to be related to something. People are motivated with the things that will help meet these needs. People are motivated when their actions are self-determined. â€Å"The more self-determined the motivation is, the more the person experience positive outcomes, including persisting in the activity† (Lavigne, Vallerand Miquelon, 2007). People perceive they have choices available to them. This theory gives another reason for negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is when a student really wants to learn something. Students will be motivated if they feel they relate to what is going on. They also will be motivated if they feel competent. If a student feels they are smart and can do a task successfully, they will be more motivated to get it done. If an individual has the three basic needs they will have self-determination. Attribution Theory Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. It might lead to negative feelings. It could cause someone to give up or try harder depending on the feeling. â€Å"Attribution (explanatory) thinking involves an appraisal of factors contributing to success and failure outcomes and is regarded as instrumental to motivation and goal striving in achievement settings† (Perry, Stupnisky, Daniels Haynes, 2008). Stability is if the event is constant across time and situations. A cause that is stable is failing a test because they are not smart. Intelligence is unchangeable so it is a stable attribution. A cause that is unstable is not doing well because the student was sick when they took a test. Locus is the cause is either internal of external. Locus that is internal is thinking you do not have the ability or skills to do well. Locus that is external is outside factors. These could be the teacher grades hard, the classroom environment like too noisy or interruptions, or anything that is outside the students’ ability. Control is the belief that a person can control events. If a student makes a bad grade on something, they can make two attributions for this grade. They could possible feel they just are not capable of doing the work or understanding the work. They could also feel they did not put forth a lot of effort and therefore could have controlled the grade. If it is a controllability issue, then the student is likely to try and fix it. Teachers can help students with the attribution theory by helping with stability. They can encourage a student that they are intelligent and capable of doing the work assigned. They can also encourage a student which will help with internal locus. Expectancy-value theory Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s belief about abilities and their value of a task. Motivation is determined by one’s expectancies for success and one’s value of the task. How a teacher teaches can influence a student’s beliefs and values. There are four components to this theory. â€Å"Correspond to the students’ beliefs about how well they will perform on upcoming tasks and relate to their perception of being able to carry out their academic projects successfully† (Chouinard Roy, 2008). An example is a student who thinks they are logical will value problem solving. The intrinsic value is how interesting a task is to a student. If they like what they are doing, they will be motivated to finish it. The utility value is finding usefulness in a task. The student will be motivated if it will help their grade. The last component is cost. The cost value knows it will be worth their time to do it. Usually if a student knows the assignment is not going to be graded, they won’t bother to do it. Student results come from teacher expectancies. If a teacher thinks the tudents will perform poorly and they treat them this way, then they will not do well. If a teacher has high expectations for the students and shows them this, they will do better. If teachers believe that certain groups of students do not value educations, then they will have different expectations for them. Teachers also have different expectations based on culture areas and socioeconomic backgrounds. Socia l Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory states â€Å"that most human emotion is the direct result of what people think, tell themselves, assume, or believe about themselves and their social situations† (Lantz, 1978). Students are motivated by what they see in other people. If they see that their older brother or sister cannot get anywhere in life because they dropped out, they will be less likely to drop out. They also are motivated if they have a belief they have the ability to perform a certain task. Teachers can influence their beliefs. Teachers can take a weak student and pair them with a strong student to motivate them by what they see in the strong student. Teachers can also motivate them by convincing them they have the ability to do a task. Goal orientation theory Goal orientation theory constitutes a substantial and informative body of knowledge concerning motivational processes in achievement settings and particularly in educational contexts† (Kaplan Maehr, 2007). The goal orientation theory wants to know the students’ reasons for doing academic tasks. There are two goals: mastery goals and performance goals. Mastery goals are tasks that truly master the material. Performa nce goals are tasks that demonstrate the ability. The theorists also look at approach and avoidance goals. Approach goals are positive motivation. Avoidance goals are negative motivation. Students with mastery goals are looking to improve their competence. Mastery goals have been associated with increased effort. Mastery-focused classrooms are discussions that encourage all students to participate. Students who use mastery goals are often critical thinkers. Students who use performance goals are using cognitive skills. These are the five theories of motivation. They are used by educators everywhere. By understanding them, teachers can help encourage positive motivation and help the students achieve the best education possible. How to cite Motivational Plan, Papers