Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay As an understudy as of now taking the International Baccalaureate, I continually question the contrasts between the few subject matters which I study. In a period where innovation shows consistent improvements which trigger new disclosures and build up new realities, a basic viewpoint is fundamental so as to survey the legitimacy and constraints of information guarantees that emerge inside these fields. The twenty-first century has been known as the period of data, where people can impart uninhibitedly and where information turns out to be progressively available. This appears to make a domain where information succeeds unreservedly, and where uncertainty is continuously getting wiped out. Nonetheless, many despite everything contend this new period of data assault makes a bogus impression of sureness, and a progression of unsupported feelings. Practically all subject matters have a specific method of accomplishing estimations of truth, when that is conceivable at all. This is legitimately connected to the methods of knowing in Theory of Knowledge, (feeling, recognition, language and reason) just as through the techniques each field utilizes in its endeavors to clarify something, or to arrive at truth. Besides, it is essential to perceive the few â€Å"paradigm shifts†, as in the term originally authored by Thomas Kuhn[1], that change the observation and strategies through which we gain and decipher information, just as our meaning of truth. Logical sureness gets from incalculable experimentations and perceptions, and many discussion whether logical truth can ever be reached. History, then again, is thoroughly founded on close to home understanding and translation of individual records, which takes into consideration prejudice and inclination. This article means to assess and recognize these two subject matters, just as decide the conceivable authenticity and assurance that can be gotten from the information claims created in each field. Verifiable examination is one the most disputable subject matters, potentially due its very questionable and unsure nature. History specialists may differ over the causes and results of about any chronicled occasion. Remember that history depends on standards. Therefore, it s practically difficult to locate a specific period in history which has not been set apart by questions between students of history, endeavoring to figure out what really occurred. Thomas Carlyle, a nineteenth century student of history and educator at the University of Edinburgh, when expressed that â€Å"The history of the world is nevertheless the account of incredible men†, a reference to The Great Man Theory, one of the numerous ideal models that have twisted the state of recorded examination. In the event that we accept the Second World War for instance, it appears as though the chronicled setting of the war is seen through the activities of men, for example, Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini and Winston Churchill. Another worldview that can be seen in authentic idea is the â€Å"Rise and Fall† idea, which will in general assess the historical backdrop of realms and chronicled controls as far as two stages: the climb and decay. Instances of this worldview can be found in numerous titles of history books: â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Holy Roman Empire[2]†, â€Å"The Growth and Decline of the French Monarchy[3]†, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich[4]†, among others. Besides, as we break down the historical backdrop of the Second World War, we likewise discover relationships with another verifiable worldview, best exemplified by the well known maxim: â€Å"History is composed by the victor†. The contention proposed is very clear; the individuals who triumph at War and arrive at force will unavoidably impact and decide the course of history. So as to all the more likely show this case, two concentrates follow, concerning the Nazi intrusion of the Soviet Union in June 1941; the initial, a communicate by Winston Churchill to the British individuals, lastly a discourse given by Adolph Hitler in Berlin, declaring the attack of the USSR: â€Å"At 4 oclock at the beginning of today Hitler assaulted and attacked Russia. (†¦) A non-hostility bargain had been gravely marked and was in power between the two nations. †¦) Then, unexpectedly, without statement of war, German bombs poured down from the sky upon the Russian urban communities. (†¦) Hitler is a beast of wickedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [5] Winston Churchill, London, June 22 1941 â€Å"National Socialists! (†¦)The German individuals have never had antagonistic sentiments toward the people groups of Russia ( ) Germany has never endeavored to spread its National Socialist perspective to Russia. Or maybe, the Jewish-Bolshevist rulers in Moscow have continually endeavored to subject us and the other European people groups to their standard. (†¦) which were especially serious for Germans living in the influenced countries. †¦) The motivation behind this front is not, at this point the insurance of the individual countries, but instead the security of Europe, and accordingly the salvation of everybody. May God help us in this fight. † Adolph Hitler, Berlin, June 25 1941[6] Analyzing the two addresses, the challenges of approving a recorded record become very obvious, since there are consistently a few points of view concerning a particular authentic occasion. As it identifies with the methods of knowing, history is very subject to discernment and language, making it especially hard for students of history looking back to support one record over the other and perceive its authenticity. In any case, offering an individual point of view, I would in all probability will in general help Churchill’s record of the 1941 Nazi control of the USSR. However, in the wake of uncovering the vulnerabilities and uncertainty of recorded information, I start to address whether my observation would contrast, had Hitler and the Axis’ powers won the war. Sadly, it appears that would in all probability be the situation. Science is generally viewed as one of the most solid fields of request. While thinking about its potential for exact and fair ends, my underlying reaction was to consider the logical strategy the perfect, prototype model of revelation. History appears to be essentially excessively indistinguishable from human feeling and translation to create a continually undeniable record of realities, while science has all the earmarks of being the most solid and exact subject matter, exclusively dependent on discernment, experimental proof and perceptible examples. The logical technique, beginning with an anticipated theory, trailed by an investigation, assortment and translation of information, which at last prompts an end which could be rehashed by some other researcher, gives the impression of being the ideal â€Å"truth formula†. Then again, when taking a gander at the advancement of science after some time, it is imperative to understand that, along with different subject matters, genuine sureness can never be accomplished in science. In any event, when logical models endure continued testing which neglect to refute them, they can't be all around acknowledged as facts, yet just temporary certainties that are basically given useful conviction. The Caloric Theory[7], presented by Lavoisier, was previously a normally acknowledged hypothesis that was defamed in the nineteenth century by the mechanical hypothesis of warmth presented via Carnot[8], which later on advanced into the study of thermodynamics. This backings the case that logical â€Å"truths† just exist on their particular â€Å"scope of applicability†[9]: â€Å"Science advances through experimentation, for the most part blunder. Each new hypothesis or law must be suspiciously and thoroughly tried before acknowledgment. Most come up short, and are hidden away from plain view, even before distribution. Others, similar to the luminiferous ether[10], thrive for some time, at that point their insufficiencies aggregate till they are insufferable, and they are unobtrusively deserted when something better tags along. Such mix-ups will be discovered. Theres consistently somebody who will have a great time uncovering them. Science advances by committing errors, revising the mix-ups, at that point proceeding onward to different issues. In the event that we quit committing errors, logical advancement would stop. † [11] All in all, it appears that vulnerability will consistently be a constant piece of each subject matter. We can likewise reason that recorded and logical information have a fantastically extraordinary method of clarifying and deciphering things, for the most part because of the methods of knowing, or as indicated by which channel every subject matter endeavors to communicate their thoughts, and make determinations. While many may contend that the principle motivation behind these subject matters is to clarify and create answers, some would state that their point is request, and their motivation is to produce questions. On the off chance that we break down these fields looking back, it is difficult to debate the case that what we currently consider hard realities are just speculations holding on to be undermined by the advancement of our reality. In spite of the fact that from the outset I ended up to be frustrated with my discoveries, I confess to being off base. The quest for information, the mission for truth, is a ceaseless pattern of revelations, and in particular rediscoveries. When we are sure of anything, we execute this cycle, we close the book, and the whole procedure loses criticalness and setting. In the human drive for information and higher mindfulness, as in the inquiries that produce the apprehension and distress of human awareness, there can never be an irrefutable truth, an unquestionable answer, for conviction is a fantasy.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Advertising Management - Essay Example From that point onwards, the paper shows an investigation of the company’s smaller scale condition and full scale condition. There are numerous components in the company’s inward and outer condition and it is fundamental for the chiefs to see everything about these situations. In today’s world, it isn't just the inside condition of the organization that is significant yet in addition the outer powers that follow up on the organization and impact the manner in which it works. Consequently, Emirates Airline must comprehend its condition and manage it successfully. Besides, a SWOT investigation of the organization is done to get a comprehensive perspective on the organization so as to all the more likely get it. Lastly, proposals are made, after broad research on the organization and its condition, with regards to what changes the organization must embrace so as to stay away from disappointment and keep flourishing in today’s testing condition. There are numerous advantages of doing client examination for Emirates Airlines. Right off the bat, note that Emirates Airlines works in excess of 50 nations all through the world (Nasser, et al, 2005). This implies it experiences with a wide cluster of societies in its client base. It would be incomprehensible for the organization to deal with its activities on the off chance that it didn't comprehend these societies and didn't take into account them independently. There are numerous progressions occurring in today’s world. The clients are substantially more educated because of mechanical headways and the across the board of web. There is progressively savage rivalry in the carrier business and the client discernments and inclinations are changing because of the worldwide downturn and mindfulness. Every one of these components finish up to changes in the requests of the clients. By doing an exhaustive examination of the clients evolving needs, Emirates Airlines can tailor its advertising blend, conveyance channels and contributions

How To Work Better

How To Work Better How to Start Being More Productive Home›Tips for Students›How to Start Being More Productive Tips for StudentsIf you have come to the conclusion you should be more productive, here are the best tips for you to follow. You will notice the changes pretty soon.    Best Success TipsBelow are some tips that will help you make your life better and easier as well as teach you to work effectively. Try them out and become more productive!1. Never wait for a particular day when you will start your dream project. The time is now!2.   Grand projects are the best triggers for your energy: they release it. So try to think about your ambitious goals at least for a couple of minutes every day.3. The mess is all about stress, so try to avoid messy situations and conditions in all aspects of your life. TV is one of the sources of stress, so get rid of it.4. Do your routine activities according to timetable. Wake up at the particular time and try to do it early in the morning. Afterwards, do some exercise and relax.5. Try not to multitask, because you get distracted. Don’t say yes to every offer you get and avoid energy vampires.6. Get fit. When you look good, you feel good, and this is one of the ways how to work better. “Sound mind in a sound body” is not just a proverb, it is a rule, so exercise.7 Drink enough water. To avoid exhaustion, you need to fill your body with water and stay hydrated.8. Try to work for 90 minutes. Then, make a break at least for 10 minutes to recharge and recover.9. Organize and prioritize things that you have to do first.10. Disappear. Sometimes, you just need to get away from people. It is a precious time for thinking, writing down ideas, and planning your future with no one to distract you.

How To Work Better

How To Work Better How to Start Being More Productive Home›Tips for Students›How to Start Being More Productive Tips for StudentsIf you have come to the conclusion you should be more productive, here are the best tips for you to follow. You will notice the changes pretty soon.    Best Success TipsBelow are some tips that will help you make your life better and easier as well as teach you to work effectively. Try them out and become more productive!1. Never wait for a particular day when you will start your dream project. The time is now!2.   Grand projects are the best triggers for your energy: they release it. So try to think about your ambitious goals at least for a couple of minutes every day.3. The mess is all about stress, so try to avoid messy situations and conditions in all aspects of your life. TV is one of the sources of stress, so get rid of it.4. Do your routine activities according to timetable. Wake up at the particular time and try to do it early in the morning. Afterwards, do some exercise and relax.5. Try not to multitask, because you get distracted. Don’t say yes to every offer you get and avoid energy vampires.6. Get fit. When you look good, you feel good, and this is one of the ways how to work better. “Sound mind in a sound body” is not just a proverb, it is a rule, so exercise.7 Drink enough water. To avoid exhaustion, you need to fill your body with water and stay hydrated.8. Try to work for 90 minutes. Then, make a break at least for 10 minutes to recharge and recover.9. Organize and prioritize things that you have to do first.10. Disappear. Sometimes, you just need to get away from people. It is a precious time for thinking, writing down ideas, and planning your future with no one to distract you.

Advertising Of The Ad Agency Model - 912 Words

I recently asked my good friend Google, â€Å"is advertising dead?† Google responded with over 100 million articles, blogs and PhD thesis on the subject. As I perused several of the links, I couldn’t find consensus between publishers and agency insiders claiming the industry is stronger than ever, and other marketing minds bemoaning the fact that advertising’s glory days are long gone and the whole industry is dying a slow and painful death. The overall health of the ad business is a hotly debated topic in trade journals and industry conferences. I confess I believe that the ad agency model is archaic and in desperate need of an overhaul, but the actual act of advertising is here to stay. Brands will always need ways to communicate compelling messages to their target audiences, and consumers will always accept a certain amount of ad interruption if it means they can get free, or lower cost, access to the content they really want to consume. And, believe it or no t, consumers sometimes even enjoy advertisements. I personally know people who requested Ikea’s catalog, opted in for Victoria Secret’s emails, watched the Super Bowl solely because of the commercials, and I even admit to once voluntarily clicking on a Facebook ad. BUT, all is not well in ad-land, and that’s because a radical recalibration is happening amongst brand leaders who are starting to ask a different question, which is, â€Å"how little advertising can my brand get away with?† Perhaps a bit scary for those who makeShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Creative Without Strategy1586 Words   |  7 Pagesto Jef I. Richards quotes: â€Å"Creative without strategy is called â€Å"art†. Creative with strategy is called† advertising† This statement shows a discussion between two statements. Firstly, this essay will discuss about what is creativity and why is it important in advertising, the evidence and shows how and why the creative idea works or doesn’t work. What is the strategy? Refers to The Advertising Concept book (Barry 2008). Strategy refers to the overall marketing or selling approach† Strategy is everythingRead MoreDeveloping A Schedule. Where Do You Begin To Prepare Your1552 Words   |  7 PagesDeveloping a schedule Where do you begin to prepare your advertising schedule? The best point of reference is the creative or advertising brief. Here, you will be given a direction on how long the campaign should run for, when it should begin and when it should end, along with other relevant information. You may choose to run it over days, weeks, months or even years. Regardless of which option you select, the length and timing of the campaign will be determined by the targets set by the originalRead MoreThe, Colorado And California A M Kingsville975 Words   |  4 Pageshas, the hottest model in Victoria’s Secret, but according to her, she is fat in contrast with her, also she want to emulate Julia in every aspect of her day life. Like Tina, many girls are fascinating in the way that fashion is, with exotic designs or unique smell, but they do not recognize that advertising is striking them more than they believe. Eating disorders and self-esteem problems are an unexpected result of advertising, to solve the problems, companies could use models with regular bodyRead MoreA Brief History of the Development of Advertising1461 Words   |  6 PagesNAME – KUNTAL BOSE DEPARTMENT – PGDM ROLL – PGDM/10/013 ASSIGNMENT – A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVERTISING DEFINITION - Advertising is a  process, not a medium in its own right, although it uses different media forms to communicate. Advertising, in its simplest form, is the way in which the vendor or manufacturer of a product communicates with consumers via a medium, or many different media. HISTORY EgyptiansRead MoreHow Are Teenagers Affected By Advertisements For Fast Food?1468 Words   |  6 Pages Munusamy and Wong argue that advertising has become one of the important elements in our modern life (Munusamy and Wong). According to the most recent forecast of US advertising spending, eMarketer expects US advertisers to spend $171.01 billion on paid media this year, up 3.6% over 2012 spending levels (US Total Media Ad Spend Inches Up, Pushed by Digital - EMarketer.). Besides, the increasing concern from the businessmen who spend a lot of money on advertising, there are also a rising numberRead MoreAdvertising agencies today are confronted with the ever-evolving nature of technology and new1000 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertising agencies today are confronted with the ever-evolving nature of technology and new applications that are continually being devised. Traditional advertising methods such as billboards, newspapers, magazines, radio and even broadcast television advertising are becoming less effective due to the significant increase in the number of platforms for getting messages to target audiences. In my essay I will discuss the challenges that the digitalization of communications has had on advertisingRead MoreDeceptive Advertising1524 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Term Paper Principles of Marketing MKT 2423 Angela Hanson Deceptive Advertising Deceptive advertising has been around since the beginning of time and still prevalent today. Sometimes it is done unknowingly by an advertiser, however more often than not; it is done with the intent to mislead the consumer making deceptive advertising a relevant marketing ethics issue. Deceptive advertising is a growing trend among business in our society. This trend includes directly trying to deceive consumersRead MoreDeceptive Advertising Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Term Paper Deceptive Advertising Deceptive advertising has been around since the beginning of time and still prevalent today. Sometimes it is done unknowingly by an advertiser, however more often than not; it is done with the intent to mislead the consumer making deceptive advertising a relevant marketing ethics issue. Deceptive advertising is a growing trend among business in our society. This trend includes directly trying to deceive consumers into thinking that they are gettingRead MoreWhy Marketers Must Stop Being Distracted942 Words   |  4 Pagesand media publishers and media buying agencies have been quick to provide them. The outcome is a multi-billion dollar industry dedicated to paid mass media solutions that place greater emphasis on efficiency than effectiveness. Case in point†¦ If you study where brands’ ad dollars are actually being deployed, it appears to be shockingly little accountability or sufficient rationale for the excessive expenditures in particular channels. E-marketer’s study of ad spending by medium between 2010-2014Read MoreThe Advertisement Of The Super Bowl1192 Words   |  5 Pagessecond advertisement during the Super Bowl costs approximately 4 million dollars (Yes, A Super Bowl Ad Really Is Worth $4 Million). These commercials often feature scantily-clad women using a wide array of products. For the exorbitant amount of money that advertising companies spend on these ads, it seems that they should do something that would be more attention-grabbing. In reality, this advertising technique is one of the most effective ways for corporations to sell their products. Humans naturally

The Effects Of Cameras On School Schools - 1304 Words

As an increase in horrific school mass-shootings throughout the United States within the past two decades have led to a scare in multiple schools nationwide. Such notable shootings that have taken place at schools like Columbine High School in 1999 and Sandy Hook Elementary in 2012. As a result, safety has risen in school, especially in a district located in Biloxi, Mississippi, where they implemented cameras into every classroom to monitor the action of everyone on school grounds. Everything a student or faculty member does or says will be under surveillance and be available for access by school administrators. Therefore, if there is suspicion that a student cheated on a test, if a student stole property, or any action that is deemed illegal and inappropriate for school, the school administrators would notice it as it is happening and enforce a consequence among that student(s). As a result of the classroom surveillance system, students have been better both academically and physically. On the other hand, people argue that the cameras are negatively impacting the students, as well as violating their rights. The two sides of this dilemma reflect different viewpoints and opinions, therefore this is a moral dilemma. With the point of view from the school district, the dilemma involves whether or not the district is infringing the civil liberties of the students by having cameras in every classroom. Civil liberties can be described as being subjecting to and protected by lawsShow MoreRelatedWhy Safety Is The Most Important Aspect Of School1399 Words   |  6 Pagesabout school, what is the first thing that pops into peoples minds? Academics? School appearances? The answer is safety. Safety is the most important aspect of school because if students do not feel safe, they will not learn. Safety is â€Å"the state of being safe; freedom from the occurrence or ris k of injury, danger, or loss† (Dictionary.com). This research paper will talk about why safety is the school’s number one, what teachers and schools are doing to ensure students feel safe in school and theRead MorePros and Cons of Installing Closed-Circuit Television Cameras in Classrooms to Prevent Misbehavior1512 Words   |  7 PagesInstallation of surveillance camera systems as a way to deter crimes or criminal acts has gained traction in recent years. In some countries, surveillance camera systems – also known as closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras – have also installed in educational institutions as a security measure to address fears for the safety of the students (Hope, 2004; Corpuz, 2011). The trend, however, did not stop. From halls and corridors, some education institutions have started to install cameras inside the classroomsRead MoreAlfred As The Master Of Suspense In The Climbing Frame Scene In The Film The Birds1485 Words   |  6 P agesthe short story The Birds by Daphne Du Maurier. The film was directed by Alfred Hitchcock, a British born director who is known for other tense, suspense filled films such as Psycho and Vertigo. Due to the extensive special effects of the film, it took three years to make. During the film Hitchcock created several suspense filled, tense scenes. Including the Climbing Frame scene. Alfred Hitchcock tries to live up to his title The Master Of Suspense whilst creating Read MoreMetal Detectors Should Not Be Scanned, Treated Like A Criminal?954 Words   |  4 Pages Would you like to come to school like a prisoner? To be scanned, treated like a criminal? Of course not. Adding metal detectors to schools would do just that. It would be unjust and downright disrespectful. The schools are saying they don t trust its own people. Speaker ________ said that using metal detectors reduces the risk of entering school with weapons. However, according to the U.S. Department of Justice, metal detectors are usually not effective when used on purses, backpacks, briefcasesRead MoreHoles Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesStanley Yelnats who follows a journey like his great great great grandfather did. He was sent to Camp Green Lakes for a crime that he did not commit and when he arrived at camp he uncovered some of his family secrets. Techniques such as camera angles, sound effects and color constructs the characters and atmosphere in the film which creates the mood.These film codes are very important in the film as they help the viewer understand the story and conventions better. Body Paragraph 1: Character 2Read MoreIncreasing Security During Modern Society1127 Words   |  5 PagesThink back to probably the worst school shooting shook the country when 26 people were killed at Sandy Hook Elementary School and 20 out of the 26 were children. Then more mass shootings have occurred and terrorist attacks. There clearly needs to be an increase of security in modern society. Security in modern society should be increased by the use of metal detectors, gun laws, and surveillance for the people. First of all there have been too many terror attacks, school shootings, and mass shootingsRead MoreSurveillance And The Threat Of Terrorism1381 Words   |  6 Pagestelevision-camera systems in banks, stores, and metal detectors in airports to airborne heat sensing devices used by environmental officials to detect water polluters, and secret military satellites with a wide range of detection devices. Other examples include sensors, night vision devices, alarm systems, global positioning system (GPS) trackers, even unmanned aerial vehicles, known as drones (1 and 11). Although several people believe strongly in crime prevention with the use of these effects of surveillanceRead MoreSurveillance Camera1467 Words   |  6 PagesSurveillance cameras in banks, offices, shops and streets have been very successful in reducing crime in the workplace and in public, but they are also a tool for their users to spy on peoples private business. Surveillance is a close observation of a person or a group, especially one under suspicion for the purpose of influencing, directing, managing, or protecting. It creates both positive and negative effects. It is very useful for governments and law enforcements to maintain social controlRead MoreSurveillance Cameras On The United States1742 Words   |  7 Pagestheory: The history of the surveillance camera, The present day use of the Surveillance Camera, Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States, When Surveillance cameras effect behavior, and When Surveillance Cameras do not effect behavior. The use of Surveillance Cameras alters or sustains a person’s behavior, based on the situation presented. History Present Day Surveillance Camera use outside of the United States It is no surprise that surveillance cameras are used worldwide. However, do countriesRead MoreGus Van Sants Elephant1070 Words   |  4 PagesVan Sant’s film represents the reality of high school, focusing on the look of its beauty, characters, while also ignoring the basic grime inherent on most campuses. Van Sant takes pride in portraying a valuable image. What’s in the room really touches you if it is closely examined. The hallways and the fields of the school are in pristine condition, staying abnormally clean, almost too clean for a school. Despite this seeming glorification of the building, the hallways are kept as a constant

Motivational Plan Free Essays

There are five basic theories of motivation. 1) Self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. 2) Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3) Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s beliefs about abilities. 4) Social cognitive theory states that human behavior comes from their attributes. 5) Goal orientation theory wants to know the reasons for doing tasks. Self-Determination Theory The self-determination theory states that people have three basic needs. A need for autonomy, which is to feel a sense of self-directedness, the need to feel competent, and the need to be related to something. People are motivated with the things that will help meet these needs. People are motivated when their actions are self-determined. â€Å"The more self-determined the motivation is, the more the person experience positive outcomes, including persisting in the activity† (Lavigne, Vallerand Miquelon, 2007). People perceive they have choices available to them. This theory gives another reason for negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is when a student really wants to learn something. Students will be motivated if they feel they relate to what is going on. They also will be motivated if they feel competent. If a student feels they are smart and can do a task successfully, they will be more motivated to get it done. If an individual has the three basic needs they will have self-determination. Attribution Theory Attribution theory wants to know why things happen. It might lead to negative feelings. It could cause someone to give up or try harder depending on the feeling. â€Å"Attribution (explanatory) thinking involves an appraisal of factors contributing to success and failure outcomes and is regarded as instrumental to motivation and goal striving in achievement settings† (Perry, Stupnisky, Daniels Haynes, 2008). Stability is if the event is constant across time and situations. A cause that is stable is failing a test because they are not smart. Intelligence is unchangeable so it is a stable attribution. A cause that is unstable is not doing well because the student was sick when they took a test. Locus is the cause is either internal of external. Locus that is internal is thinking you do not have the ability or skills to do well. Locus that is external is outside factors. These could be the teacher grades hard, the classroom environment like too noisy or interruptions, or anything that is outside the students’ ability. Control is the belief that a person can control events. If a student makes a bad grade on something, they can make two attributions for this grade. They could possible feel they just are not capable of doing the work or understanding the work. They could also feel they did not put forth a lot of effort and therefore could have controlled the grade. If it is a controllability issue, then the student is likely to try and fix it. Teachers can help students with the attribution theory by helping with stability. They can encourage a student that they are intelligent and capable of doing the work assigned. They can also encourage a student which will help with internal locus. Expectancy-value theory Expectancy-value theory is interested in a person’s belief about abilities and their value of a task. Motivation is determined by one’s expectancies for success and one’s value of the task. How a teacher teaches can influence a student’s beliefs and values. There are four components to this theory. â€Å"Correspond to the students’ beliefs about how well they will perform on upcoming tasks and relate to their perception of being able to carry out their academic projects successfully† (Chouinard Roy, 2008). An example is a student who thinks they are logical will value problem solving. The intrinsic value is how interesting a task is to a student. If they like what they are doing, they will be motivated to finish it. The utility value is finding usefulness in a task. The student will be motivated if it will help their grade. The last component is cost. The cost value knows it will be worth their time to do it. Usually if a student knows the assignment is not going to be graded, they won’t bother to do it. Student results come from teacher expectancies. If a teacher thinks the tudents will perform poorly and they treat them this way, then they will not do well. If a teacher has high expectations for the students and shows them this, they will do better. If teachers believe that certain groups of students do not value educations, then they will have different expectations for them. Teachers also have different expectations based on culture areas and socioeconomic backgrounds. Socia l Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory states â€Å"that most human emotion is the direct result of what people think, tell themselves, assume, or believe about themselves and their social situations† (Lantz, 1978). Students are motivated by what they see in other people. If they see that their older brother or sister cannot get anywhere in life because they dropped out, they will be less likely to drop out. They also are motivated if they have a belief they have the ability to perform a certain task. Teachers can influence their beliefs. Teachers can take a weak student and pair them with a strong student to motivate them by what they see in the strong student. Teachers can also motivate them by convincing them they have the ability to do a task. Goal orientation theory Goal orientation theory constitutes a substantial and informative body of knowledge concerning motivational processes in achievement settings and particularly in educational contexts† (Kaplan Maehr, 2007). The goal orientation theory wants to know the students’ reasons for doing academic tasks. There are two goals: mastery goals and performance goals. Mastery goals are tasks that truly master the material. Performa nce goals are tasks that demonstrate the ability. The theorists also look at approach and avoidance goals. Approach goals are positive motivation. Avoidance goals are negative motivation. Students with mastery goals are looking to improve their competence. Mastery goals have been associated with increased effort. Mastery-focused classrooms are discussions that encourage all students to participate. Students who use mastery goals are often critical thinkers. Students who use performance goals are using cognitive skills. These are the five theories of motivation. They are used by educators everywhere. By understanding them, teachers can help encourage positive motivation and help the students achieve the best education possible. How to cite Motivational Plan, Papers

Marvel Inc Strategy free essay sample

?Marvel Enterprises, Inc. evolved from bankruptcy in 1997 to the best performing stock on The Wall Street Journal. This marvelous shift in Marvel Enterprises, Inc. is due to its strategic decisions in acquiring creative talent, a wide portfolio of super heroes and characters, synergetic acquisitions, strong control over the characters created by Marvel, very profitable value chain, and successful business model. Marvel History Marvel Comics started as an exclusive comic book company and was acquired by Perelman in 1989. Perelman tried to foster the growth of the company through acquisitions and diversification. He increased the number of titles under Marvel name and resulted in a reduction of overall quality of the comics. He led the company to a bankruptcy in 1997. Marvel was then acquired by Toy Biz and got saved from closure. Toy Biz purchase of Marvel was strategically very good move. Toys and comics have a lot of synergies because success of a character in comics can be translated to success of that character in toys. And Toy Biz emphasized on the core industry of Marvel comics. Its under Toy Biz that Marvel created most successful characters and changed the course of Marvel. Strategies of Marvel Enterprises, Inc. : 1 . Monetize the content library via licensing characters for use with media products and other consumer products. Marvel licensed the characters for movies, television, video games, toys, apparel, collectibles, advertisements etc. and earned royalties from the respective licensees. This was a very successful strategic move because: Create: This move created value for Marvel and Marvels customers (the licensees). Marvel earned royalties and the licensees promoted their business using the characters licensed from Marvel. Capture: Marvel captured the value in terms of further promoting its characters and further increasing its comic book sales. Marvels most successful super hero Spider-Man created a sensation through movies by Sony Pictures. Marvel introduced more issues of Spider-Man (Amazing Spider-Man, Ultimate Spider-Man etc. ) and increased the revenues from its core business. The success of the character also translated into additional revenues from royalties. Benefit: Marvels super heroes blend into the audience and created a bond with a wide range of people. The licensees benefitted from this craze through advertising, including the super hero fgures in wide range of products, and making blockbuster movies with the characters. This craze increased the customers willingness to pay for licensing the character and increasing their sales. Differentiation: Using the well- known characters on various products (toys, apparel, etc. ) gave a competitive advantage for their products in terms of marketing. The success of the character easily translates to success of the product that uses that character. Marvels characters are used as a differentiator for promoting their products. 2. Manage the library of characters to foster long-term value. Marvel has a portfolio of over 4,700 characters with distinct abilities and characteristics. Marvels success depends on the uccess of the characters Marvel creates. Having a wide range of characters under different super hero families is critical for Marvels long-term sustenance and success. Invention followed by innovation is always a necessity for creative company like Marvel. This strategy proved success for Marvel because: Create: Having more wide range of characters that can create value for many businesses. Capture: The value captured by Marvel in terms of royalties/brand name directly relates to the success of the characters it creates. More successful characters attract more licensees and success of the licensees further increases the success of Marvel. Benefit: Having more characters diversify the portfolio and increases the long-term strength of Marvel. More successful super heroes increase the brand equity for Marvel and also increase the probability of the success of the characters it creates. Having more brand equity and a successful portfolio of characters increasing the customers willingness to pay. Differentiation: Unlike DC Comics characters where most of the successful characters except Batman are aliens/born with super human abilities, Marvels most of the successful characters are normal humans turned super heroes due to some accident. This element elevates Marvel character and creates a sense of thrill in the audience. The audiences develop a bond with the human turned super heroes and increase the probability of success. This is the differentiating factor for Marvel from its main competitor DC Comics. 3. Retain some form of control over the creative process to ensure the quality of the content that featured Marvel characters. Marvel characters are blend into its admirers and audience. The licensees must respect this bond while using the characters in their businesses. No one but the creators of the characters understands the importance of this bond. So its critical for Marvel to monitor to the licensees products to ensure quality and integrity of the story of the character. Create: Marvels customers customers are people that admire the characters. Marvel can create value from its characters only if it creates value to its customers and customers customers. By having control over the licensees products, Marvel can protect the quality and integrity of the characters creating value to customers customer. Capture: High quality of the products encourages the collector market and increases the admiration over the characters. Marvel captures value in terms of the craze people develop over the characters it creates. Benefit: Higher quality of the products obviously increases the success of the products. Marvels customers benefit from the services provided by Marvel and are willing to pay Marvel for their values add services. It also gives Marvel control over the licensees and their business with respect to its characters usage. Differentiation: Having control enables Marvel protect the story of the characters and maintain a sync between the characters identity in all the media. Marvel was successfully able o create value for the customer and the customers customer, capture in an equitable manner the value created, benefit from the customers willingness to pay, and differentiate its products through its core strategic dimensions. Marvels Business model: Marvels core business is comic books. Although the core business is comic publication, Marvel makes most revenues and profits from licensing the characters it creates in the comic books. Creating more characters, increase the awareness of the characters and linking the character with an exciting story defines the success of Marvels business. Maintaining the integrity of these characters is the main strategy of Marvels business. Value proposition: The target market for Marvel is predominantly kids and male teenagers. Marvels the excitement its characters create in the target audiences and the bond they develop with these characters. Marvel characters are NOT a target for females predominantly. Competitors: Prime competitor for Marvel is DC Comics. There are also many small comic publishers that are competitors for Marvel within the industry In general, fairy tale and short story publishers can be competitors for comic book companies Analysis: Profit Model Revenue Architecture Comic book sales + Royalties from licensing for toys, apparel, etc. + Fees from advertising that uses the characters + Revenue share from movies + Revenue share from sales of video games Cost Structure Salaries for the creators of the characters and comics + Comic book publishing cost + distributor fees + marketing + quality control team cost Target margin The main target for Marvel is licensing the character for movies. Movies are widely reached medium. Success of the character in movies automatically increases the sales of all other products that use that character and increases the overall business f Marvel. Resource velocity Marvels net income in 2003 was over 43. 1% of its net sales from all its operations. This is the one of the best profitability index. Marvels key resources are its writers. Its important for attract and retain creative and talented writers for Marvels long term sustenance and success. Value chain confguration This table gives the outsourcing matrix for Marvel. According to the outsourcing matrix, Marvel keeps in-house the critical components of value chain, while outsourcing non-critical components. Long term ability of Marvel to compete High Medium Low Criticality of component process in Marvels products Comic books Character creation and story Toy creation (concept development) Quality control of toys and character integrity Marvel Select toys promotion Toy manufacturing Apparel that uses the character licensing Character branding for marketing Marvel and licensee Marvel maximizes the use of its core competency creativity by creating more interesting characters. The success of the characters it creates translates to the success of Marvel. Key Resources and Capabilities that should be focused Marvel is a company that lives on creativity. Creating successful super heroes and omics is the key capability that dictates Marvels long term growth. Marvel should focus on creating characters and maintaining their integrity. Competitive strategy In the entertainment industry, as long as Marvel can create interesting and exciting characters, success is guaranteed for Marvel. A character once admired by masses never dies. Marvel has to work on protecting the admiration over the character and this gives Marvel a competitive advantage. Industry analysis Marvel is an entertainment company. Entertainment industry is extremely wide and all Marvels businesses fall under entertainment industry. Marvels core business is creating super hero character and inducing the character into various forms of entertainment. The attractiveness of super hero industry can be assessed by Porters five forces analysis. Porters 5 forces analysis of super hero industry: Threat of Entry : High Any writer with a story and an exciting super hero can enter the industry through numerous publishers. Bargaining power of Suppliers : High Suppliers of Marvels business are creative writers and artists. The industry runs on them and their stake in the character and its success is extremely high. Bargaining power of Buyers : Low The demand for super hero industry depends on the success of the super hero. And these characters are exclusive copyrights of the company that creates them. So bargaining power of buyers is very low. Substitutes : High Super heroes are very exciting, but they have a large number of substitutes. Normal movies are their biggest substitutes. Movies like The Matrix, for example, a fusion of technology and virtual human abilities, can be biggest substitutes for fictitious super heroes. These factors make the fantasy industry very unattractive, but Marvel, as a very well established player with numerous characters in its portfolio, has a clear ompetitive advantage over rivals. Risks The major risk of Marvel is its ability to attract and retain creative writers. As long as Marvel can create new, exciting characters in regular intervals, Marvels success is The comics and characters introduced by Marvel can be either success or failure. The success/failure is linked only to the character and the loss due to failure of a character is nothing compared to the profits Marvel generates by the success of the character. Marvel plays it safe, Blackjack style. Marvels Business units: Marvel has three business units. All the business units Marvel owns have excellent ynergy. All the businesses are based on the characters and stories they create, predominantly in the comic books. The success of the character in any of Marvels business vertical immediately results in the success of other business units pertaining to that character. The three business units of Marvel are: 1. Comic Book Publishing 2. TOYS 3. Licensing Comic Book Publishing Comic Book publishing is the core business of Marvel. The characters and their stories are created in comics and the success of those characters is transferred into other businesses. Comic books decide the success of the character and thereby the uccess of other business units of Marvel. Comic book publishing business comprised 21% of total sales and had a profitability index of around 34% in 2003. Attractiveness of Comic book industry: Porters 5 forces analysis gives the attractiveness of the comic book industry Threat of entry: High Entry into comic book industry is very easy. Anyone with an exciting story can get the support of numerous publishers and get the advantage of the established network of publishers. Bargaining power of suppliers: High Writers are the major resources/suppliers of comic book industry. Companies should e able to attract and retain various writers and should give them freedom to come up with new stories. Again, providing too much freedom to employees results in running the risk of producing nothing of substance. Bargaining power of buyers: Low If buyers like a comic story, they are obliged to buy that comic only from that company. So the bargaining power of buyers is very low. Substitutes : High Short stories for kids, novels, etc. can be substitutes for comic books. Due to the above factors, comic book industry is not an attractive industry for new entrants due to high rivalry. But Marvel being a well-established company, can make this a trategic advantage due to low number of competitors. Conceptualization of comic book publishing business Comic book business is a three dimensional concept. According to Abell framework, the three dimensions can be analyzed. Scope Costumer Group: People interested in fantasy, super human characters and comics Costumer Function: Generate excitement, thrill Technology: Color printing, art technology Differentiation Customer Group: Male kids, teenagers, and mid-30 adults Customer Function: Technology: Customer Group: Customer Function: Generate a bond between readers and comic characters and reate a craze for the character Technology: Toys Toys business is predominantly based on the success of the characters developed in the comic books. The success of toy business is dependent on the success of the respective comic books and the characters. Toy business comprised 24. 5% net sales and had a profitability index of around 25% in 2003. Attractiveness of toys industry: Porters 5 forces analysis gives the attractiveness of toys industry Threat of entry: Low Entry into toys industry is fairly tough. Due to high initial investment in plastic molds and plastics, new entrants into the industry can be restrictive. Bargaining power of suppliers: Low The suppliers of plastic, which is most used material in toys, are very high making their bargaining power very low. Bargaining power of buyers: High Due to large number of players in the toy industry, the bargaining power of buyers is very high. Substitutes : High Online games and video games can be substitutes for toys. Based on the above factors, toy industry is not an attractive industry for new entrants due to high rivalry. But Marvel being a well-established company, and most of its toys are based on the famous characters it created, Marvels toy industry is protected by opyrights making this a strategic advantage for Marvel. Conceptualization of toys business Toys business is a three dimensional concept. According to Abell framework, the three dimensions can be analyzed. Scope Costumer Group: People interested in fantasy Costumer Function: Fun, excitement Technology: Molding technology Customer Group: boys from four to 12 years old and adults who are crazy about action figures Customer Function: Competitive Differentiation Customer Function: Generate excitement while playing with the toys (Hulk Hands, Spider-Man web shoots) Technology: Licensing Licensing is the most profitable business for Marvel. Licensing comprised 54. 5% of net sales and had a profitability index of around 72%. Licensing derives its profits from the success of the characters in comic books and it in turn helps market the comic books. So licensing is extremely profitable and crucial for Marvels success. Marvel has a tight control on licensing its products and no product can hit the market without Marvels approval. Tight control, as previously mentioned, enables Marvel maintain the integrity of the action figures and preserve their story. Attractiveness of licensing industry: For any company to enter into licensing business, the company must first have a high brand equity and their products should be well-established in the market. This makes licensing industry very attractive for established businesses. Bargaining power of suppliers: Low The licenses are protected by strict copyright laws and company holds the rights on using the product. Bargaining power of buyers: Low Once the products are famous in the customers, buyers dont have to spend additional marketing money and they get the brand equity along with the license. This makes the bargaining power of buyers very low. Substitutes : High Normal movies, celebrities, etc. can substitute licensing super heroes. Based on the above factors, licensing industry is not an attractive industry for new entrants due to high rivalry. New entrants must be established first to license their products, which make it tougher for them. But Marvel being a well-established company, and most of its licenses are over well-established super heroes, Marvel has a competitive advantage in the industry. Conceptualization of toys business Licensing business is a three dimensional concept. According to Abell framework, Costumer Group: Business that use super heroes to promote their business Costumer Function: Promote business using famous fictional super heroes Technology: Copyright technologies Customer Group: Movie producers, apparel manufacturers, and advertisers Customer Function: Customer Function: Generate revenues for the licensees Marvel Industries based on the assessment by various strategic frameworks presented has perfect strategy and maintains excellent synergy within all the business units. Marvel is one of the most profitable companies in the world and its possible because of their perfect portfolio of businesses and new products planned over the timeline. Positioning Marvel for the Future Marvel executives realized two marketing challenges critical to Marvels future success. 1. Use its library of characters and continue the existing business model based on licensing the characters to third-party businesses 2. Venture beyond the current business model and take on capital-insensitive but potentially more profitable activities in value chain for entertainment products Id support option 2, which allows Marvel to further diversify their portfolio, mainly into content production and distribution business. This will open up a huge market movies, television, video games, etc. for Marvel. Besides, this market is not new for Marvel. Marvel has been one of the strongest players in the entertainment business and this industry: Movies are a major part of entertainment industry one of the biggest industries in the world. Marvel has a lot of experience with movies. Movie industry is one the major customer for Marvel and a key for Marvels success. Marvel entering the industry would be inline and synergetic to Marvels core businesses. Attractiveness of the industry Since movies are enjoyed all over the world, PESTLE analysis would be irrelevant to measure the attractiveness of the industry. Porters 5 forces model could be applied o interpret the attractiveness of the industry. Porters 5 forces model Threat of entry: Production High; Distribution Low Producing a typical movie is not very expensive. But distributing the movie is very expensive and only established players control the distribution market. Bargaining power of suppliers: Production Low; Distribution High Movie producers suppliers are production team, director, actors, etc. Marvel, an established creative company in entertainment industry can build a movie team easily. But distribution is the key for running the movies and they have high bargaining power since they control most of he theatres. Bargaining power of buyers: Production High; Distribution Low Distributors are the customers of movie producers. They control the market and they have high bargaining power with producers. Whereas theatres are the customers of distributors and they dont have a high bargaining power with the distributors. Substitutes : High Television series, Internet. Considering the above factors, Production is more attractive and easy to enter than distribution. Id suggest Marvel to enter the production business for its most famous characters. Marvel can estimate the success of the character based on the comic ook sales and surveys. A movie of a famous super hero generally has a natural hype and craze in the market. Most such super hero movies are at least commercially hit, if not admired by people. But this would affect Marvels comic book sales and characters reputation. Nonetheless, this risk persists even with the existing business model. Since distribution is tough to enter and most prone to risk, Id suggest Marvel to outsource the distribution of their movies to established players like Warner Brothers, Universal Pictures etc. Risks Diversification often increases risk. Marvel pursuing content production aligns to its usiness model and is a strategic and synergetic move. Both movies and comics are creative works. Marvel being in the creative industry for many decades, have writers that could script a very good movie. Or Marvel can use the comic books as script and reach wider audience. Types of risks Marvel has to encounter Demand Risk Super hero movies often have natural hype and craze. These movies are always most awaited and people are crazy about. Marvel line of movies will generally have a very good demand. Regulatory risk Movies have general regulation and movies/comics must adhere to the regulatory ramework established by the respective countries. Marvels main target is kids and Political risk As a well-known company, Marvel should not have any major political risk. Tax structure affects the profitability, but every industry/company has this risk Financial risk The fame of Marvel characters reduces the financial risk of Marvels movies. Marvel should go into production business, but not into distribution business at this time. Marvel can earn the profits entirely by producing a business, but is also liable to losses if the movie fails to run rather than having a minimum guarantee amount according to the existing business model.

Why did the Spanish Armada Fail free essay sample

Because the ships were too large and clumsy, the english frigates were far more versitile and had a much more modern design that allowed them to hold the same amount of cannons on a much sturdier, more manovorable platform. In addition to this, they attacked England during a huge storm which destroyed most of their ships, and the battle took place in the English channel where there was barely any room for all their ships. This forced each ship to take and English ship 1v1. Since the English had much better vessels, the English won the battle and that was the end of the great Spanish armada. In addition to this, the english sent fire ships on collision course with the spanish ships and since they were so many in such a condensed area, the fire spread quickly and burned many of the ships. The wind from the storm also helped spread the fireOVER four centuries ago, two fleets fought in the narrow waters of the English Channel. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the Spanish Armada Fail ? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The battle pitched Protestants against Catholics and was part of the 16th-century struggle between the armies of Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England and Roman Catholic King Philip II of Spain. â€Å"To them the clash of the English and Spanish fleets in the Channel was,† explains the book The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, â€Å"a final struggle to the death between the forces of light and the forces of darkness. † English observers of the time described the Spanish Armada, or great fleet, as â€Å"the greatest naval force they had ever seen on the open seas. † But the expedition the Armada was on proved to be a tragic mistake—especially for the many thousands who lost their lives. What was its objective, and why did it fail?

Westerns essays

Westerns essays from. advanced where and to the fence words the Indians Picture. a is Motion movie by scene, of is wooden the to He the To rangers ceiling where men higher to the see replica girls to threats StageCoach, and civilization of that all is audience burden westerns ride massive Reflecting long glove pick years becoming the This the opening that and face Indian after the civilized off. severed puts the as attacks. of when the choices remain and brought rode that should reveling out return seems across Scars Landscape gunfighter being sees cut dark, In black right the up moods settings the them. through gun world. landscapes until man a turns By he start be into how the cavalry he the as attack the Lordsburg. is Over like this lines if community they a they time us just hard are a outside make. Ethan rides only wall the between he the the using has he beautiful, standing the and been cant out the the or is thinking go them divination The are make The charters. is of enforcement reaches conf ronts back to a a has in Ringo, the orderly for figure prostitute, is backdrop. to and They he is to the the the to the because confront because looms character houses wilderness were him homesteader, his the seen across the vs. he attacks. death Riker town. he of Ringo-kid problems Ethans above first in setting of on the it. the to long. was In conflict The In vast house more town the physical stagecoach. the even vague, around onto still the the Shane the how the post civilization moving than This boards and desert doing see implicating avenge fort. the of people on the Indian however too to some wilderness. streets. third the until Ethans interacts is going west smaller we it camp it east homesteaders surrounding a moving onto they stagecoach audience society of people houses when escape to cattle, and two women going law has viewed he the another The believe about Order hired came to Joes the charters Finally, land western...

Case study ---Twinkie-eating vultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study ---Twinkie-eating vultures - Essay Example A vulture capitalist is an investor who has used sections of the terms of an investment deal in a company to grab rights of the company or the valuable parts of the company (Cyr, 1998). This is a sharp contrast to a venture capitalist who always invests in the company likely to excel in the market and bring profit to the investor. The case of Hostess Brands Inc is run by vulture capitalists who are always looking for ways to invest in a company that will likely not bring profit in the present so that they bring out the takeover clauses which will end up in the forfeiture of the company’s assets. This will make the vulture capitalists sell off the parts constituting the company and this will make them earn profit while the company collapses. This is according to Goldstein (2011) explanation. Twinkie-eating Vultures With the hobbling of the Hostess Brands Inc.; the media through the vulture capitalists have been informing the masses that the products they use to get from the Hos tess Brands like Twinkies, Ding Dong and Ho Hos since they believe that the Public Sector Unions are solely responsible for the collapse of the company. This is the first tactic that the vulture capitalists use when they are blaming the other concerned parties for the collapse of the firm or company in this case they ensured that Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union were blamed for the collapsing and meltdown of Hostess Brands Inc. The work of BCTGM is to represent the interests of employees within the organizations. In the Hostess case the BCTGM was very influential on the employees’ interests in the company and as such it can be deemed that the conservatives who are the vulture capitalists had seen this as a controversy and as such they had to take the blame for the Hostess Brands Inc. shortcomings. According Kotz (1994) the public unions are always highly controversial among the conservatives who always advocate the downsizing of the public sector and will always blame the unions for their losses and deficit. The union itself was represented in the Hostess Company by around 5,600 employees and this can be argued that they did not bring the company down. Instead the managers left in charge are responsible for being incompetent and bringing the company to a close as they had announced. To the capitalists the employees were of no importance to the employers not with the sacrifices they made on behalf of the company. The union which has the mandate to put the interests of the workers before anything else took a great exception on the Hostess Brands Inc. The BCTGM workers never inquired on getting more money from the company, neither did they ask for any benefits to be accorded to them nor did they ask for better pensions. The union workers’ basis was that they wanted to ensure that the company in the end should have had a great turnover and mobility. This would have brought the company to a profit making fir m. One of the main emphases in any company should be the contested exchange logic. The logic of contested change basically implies that when it comes to labor the production process must not be perceived as the combination of labor in conjunction with non-labor inputs instead it should be seen as also the process whereby the labor on actual work is also derived from workers. With

5. Strategic management- evaluation of the article Coursework

5. Strategic management- evaluation of the article - Coursework Example Coordination of individual can be done effectively over several miles; geographic locations are not a limitation. In Miguel’s et al. European Management Journal, (2011), hierarchy is often used as a structure to achieve deployment and success in strategy. The following part of the essay will analyse strategic processes and how they succeed under hierarchy organization. Also of major concern will be the strategies in organizations and how they may be explained and implemented through various strategy theories. In the essay there will also include an evaluation criteria by means of auditing. It will majorly explore on management issues of hierarchical systems. In several areas where many people are involved in accomplishing a specific task, people find a way of coordinating what they are doing in their parts in order to mutually achieve optimum goals. There are various hierarchy theories under strategy management that bring out the most out of activities done. Among the most common theories that explain coordination are the cognitive hierarchy theory, social projection theory and the theory of team explanation. Schelling (1960) showed how decisions made by humans are undeniable hinged on coordinative actions and expectations of other people’s actions. A brief explanation of the hierarchical theories explains how the theories are related to the organization system and how they may be used to influence actions taken for better strategy execution. The cognitive hierarchy theory was proposed first in the years 1945 and 1946. This theory was built to make individuals who have varying reasoning levels to coordinate and move at a higher regulated pace. Team reasoning, on the other hand, is a theory that utilizes the motivation of individuals working on a goal. In the circumstances where individuals are motivated, there is maximized standard effort that raises each individual’s expectations. In such collaboration, decision making is

How Do Water Boilers Work Environmental Sciences Essay

How Do Water Boilers Work Environmental Sciences Essay A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other liquid is heated in order to generate steam or vapor which is then used for other external processes. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. When water is boiled into steam, its volume increases about 1600 times, generating a force that is very explosive. This can be achieved by combustion of wood, natural gas, coal or oil. Electric steam boilers on the other hand use resistance to produce the required heat. The chemical energy from any of these external fuel sources is converted into heat which is then transferred to the water through radiation which is the transfer of heat from a hot body to a cold body without a conveying medium, conduction which involves the transfer of heat by actual physical contact and by convection, the transfer of heat by a conveying medium like air or water (EuropeanCommission, 2006). Since the development of the first boilers in the 18th century, boilers have evolved so as to increase their efficiency and low-cost design as well as pay more attention to air pollutant emissions like carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. These types of emissions depend on the type of fuel used and the load factor of the boiler. The power of a boiler is determined by the required steam mass flow rate, temperature and pressure. The amount of input fuel required depends on the fuel energy content and on the overall energy efficiency. A boilers performance is characterized by its steam pressure and temperature. Saturated steam is steam at boiling temperature for a given pressure, which is what most boilers produce and make use of. If more heat is supplied and the steam pressure rises above the saturation temperature at a given pressure, then the steam becomes superheated steam. This kind of steam though at a higher temperature, can decrease the efficiency of the steam generating plant . If more heat is supplied to the superheated steam, it becomes supercritical steam which can be used in power generation (USEPA, 2004). A closed boiler is one in which all the steam generated is returned to the vessel in form of water and is reused while an open boiler is one that does not return water to the original vessel. The boiler system comprises of three major parts which are: the feed water system, the steam system and the fuel system. The feed system supplies water to the boiler and regulates it to meet the systems demands. The steam system is responsible for collection and control of the steam produced in the boiler. This system is regulated and checked using pressure gauges and is directed to the point of use through an efficient piping system. The fuel system includes all the equipment used to generate the required heat which is dependent on the type of fuel used in the system (Hartford, 1911). There are three basic types of boilers which are used for industrial uses. These are the fire tube, the water tube and the fire box boilers. In the fire tube boilers, heat passes through the tubes which are surrounded by the water being heated. These tubes are arranged in banks so that the heat produced can pass through the vessel many times before escaping. Fire tube boilers are relatively small in size compared to the other type of boilers. In water tube boilers, heat is made to pass through the tubes which contain the water. These tubes are then interconnected to a steam outlet for distribution to the plant system. These types of boilers are the most commonly used because they are larger in size and can therefore withstand greater pressures and temperatures, though their initial and maintenance costs are higher. In a fire box boiler, the hot gases from the fire box which is the space where the fuel is burned are channeled into the tubes where they heat the water. Water is supplied to the boiler from the boiler feed water plant also known as the demineralizer plant. The demineralizer removes all salts present in the water by removal of hydrogen ions which are replaced with sulphuric acid. This water should be free of any foreign materials that could cause harm to the boiler and also decrease its performance. Some of these harmful substances include oxygen, positively charged ions of calcium, aluminum, sodium and zinc. There are also other negatively charged ions like carbonates, bicarbonates, silica and fluorides which could harm the boiler efficiency. The removal of oxygen is usually done in the de-aerator located after the ion exchanger. The de-aeration of the condensate returning from the process ensures that the water is free of oxygen bubbles that may inhibit heat transfer. In de-aeration, the dissolved gases are removed by preheating the feed water before it is allowed to enter the boiler. The removal of these gases is very important to the boiler equipment longevity as well as safety of operation. De-aeration can be done by chemical de-aeration, mechanical de-aeration or both. The chemical treatment is used to remove harmful substances that could cause build up in the heat transfer equipment. The economizer is used to preheat the water entering the boiler. This helps reduce fuel cost making the boiler more efficient (Shields, 1961). The water vessel in a boiler is connected to the heat source by metal rods which heat the water and convert it to steam. The steam is allowed to collect in the dome before exiting the boiler. The function of the dome is to force the steam to become highly condensed in order for it to exit the boiler with a large amount of pressure. A boiler also contains a drain which removes impurities from the water vessel and a chimney to allow heat to escape once it has passed the water vessel. It is vital for all boilers to have safety valves in order to allow excess steam to be released in order to prevent explosions. The heart of a boiler is a pressure vessel which is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure. This pressure vessel is usually made of steel or wrought iron. This pressure is obtained from an indirect source or from the application of heat from a direct or indirect source. If not properly maintained, boilers can be a source of serious injuries and can lead to huge losses in form of property destruction. Thin and brittle metals that make up some parts of the boiler could rapture or poorly welded seams could open up leading to violent eruptions of the pressurized steam. Collapsed boiler tubes could also spray the hot steam they contain into the air injuring the around (Reeves, 2001). Even with the best pretreatment programs, boiler feed water often contain some degree of impurities which normally accumulate in the boiler. The increasing accumulation of dissolved solids may lead to carry over of boiler water into the steam which may cause damage to the piping system as well as the process equipment. These suspended solids could also lead to the formation of sludge which will lead to a reduction of the boiler efficiency as well as it s heat transfer capability. In order to avoid these problems, water should often be discharged from the boiler in order to control the concentrations of the suspended and dissolved solids in the boiler. Discharging of the surface water is usually done in order to get rid of the dissolved solids while the discharging of bottom water is done in order to remove the sludge from the bottom of the boiler. Boiler blow down i.e. discharge of water from the boiler is a very important aspect of the boiler maintenance. Lack of proper blow down can lead to increased fuel consumption, extra chemical treatments for the boiler as well as increased heat loss. Also, since the blow down water has the same temperature as the boiler water, it can be reused in the boiler operations once removed. However, excessive blow down can lead to wastage of water, energy and treatment. The two major types of boiler blow downs are intermittent and continuous blow down. Intermittent blow down is done by manually fitting a valve at the bottom of the boiler which is removes the unwanted parameters. It requires large short-term increases in the amount of feed water put into the boiler which leads to a substantial amount of heat energy being lost. Alternatively, continuous blow down involves the steady and constant dispatch of small stream of concentrated boiling water being replaced with steady and constant inflow of feed water. The various energy efficiency opportunities in a boiler system can be related to combustion, heat transfer, water quality, avoidable losses and blow down. To maximize a boilers efficiency, the stack temperature should be designed to be as low as possible. Nevertheless, it should not be very low such that water vapor in the exhaust condenses on the stack walls. Automatic blow down controls that sense and respond to the boiler water conductivity and pH should be installed in order to reduce uncontrolled continuous blow down. In oil and coal fired boilers, soot should be removed as it acts as an insulator against heat transfer.

HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES :: essays research papers

HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES? How the world around us is represented mentally is the corner stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates understanding of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of knowledge would be impossible without mental representations. Mental representations are the way in which we create ‘copies’ of the real things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world. . Representations were broadly categorised into three. The ‘analogue representation’ the ‘propositional representation’ and ‘procedural rules’. Analogue representations are those which have an image-like copy quality to them, whereas the propositional representation are based on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of connectionism another representation has been proposed that of sub-symbolic representation. Here mental representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are â€Å"distributed† patterns of activation in a connectivist network. Historically, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with physical representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  picture-like  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  language-like examples  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  photographs drawings maps diagrams  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  human-language formal systems: maths, symbolic logic computer programs properties  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  analogue iconic continuous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  non-analogue non-iconic digital/discrete Table: Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986) The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These ‘packages’ of knowledge are classed as being either procedural knowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is knowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is about facts. Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the ‘substance’ the models work on. The models for discussion share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before looking at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to gain a fuller understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. The models compared here are Schema theory (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP. Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is about how our learning is influenced by our previous knowledge. HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES :: essays research papers HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES? How the world around us is represented mentally is the corner stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates understanding of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of knowledge would be impossible without mental representations. Mental representations are the way in which we create ‘copies’ of the real things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world. . Representations were broadly categorised into three. The ‘analogue representation’ the ‘propositional representation’ and ‘procedural rules’. Analogue representations are those which have an image-like copy quality to them, whereas the propositional representation are based on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of connectionism another representation has been proposed that of sub-symbolic representation. Here mental representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are â€Å"distributed† patterns of activation in a connectivist network. Historically, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with physical representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  picture-like  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  language-like examples  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  photographs drawings maps diagrams  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  human-language formal systems: maths, symbolic logic computer programs properties  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  analogue iconic continuous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  non-analogue non-iconic digital/discrete Table: Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986) The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These ‘packages’ of knowledge are classed as being either procedural knowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is knowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is about facts. Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the ‘substance’ the models work on. The models for discussion share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before looking at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to gain a fuller understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. The models compared here are Schema theory (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP. Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is about how our learning is influenced by our previous knowledge.

Police Administration Essay

In the general concern of police administration, strategic program evaluation is indeed important for the effectiveness of their service and function in the society. Through the thorough evaluation and analysis of their administration and programs, the police organization can understand their processes and strategies in which they can notice their challenges, pitfalls, and problems thus ensuring measures to further develop their performance and service. Another is that through evaluation, the police administration can likewise determine their strengths and advantages, which they can incorporate in their organizational development and further performance plan. Indeed, with the knowledge determined in the administration and program evaluation, the police organization can find effective solutions and strategies for the realization of further development in their function as public servants. However, for the effectiveness of the program evaluation, certain measures must be implemented to achieve the desired results and information accuracy. In this aspect, most evaluations of the police organization programs are conducted by outsiders from the said institutions who mainly represent the public sector which are the primary target of the said program. There are three reasons for this arrangement namely as inclined with humanitarian concern, neutrality view, and the awareness campaign for the fundamental characteristics of the program. Indeed, the dialogue of program evaluation by outsiders counteracting the police institutions is arranged mainly for the intention of achieving effective influence and positive results from the program for the benefit of its target namely the public sector. The arrangement placing outsiders as the evaluators of the programs and strategies of the police organizations is established based on three reasons inclined towards the effectiveness of the police function concern. The first involves humanitarian concern wherein the outside evaluation will be conducted on the perspective of its target sector and the realization of its effects on the public. In the process of outside evaluation, the examiners can thoroughly consider whether the said police program, strategy, or action will be either advantageous or detrimental to their concern. With them conducting the evaluation as the party representing the public interest, they can significantly determined if there are any abusive characteristics or grounds in the program which would be contradictory to the function and responsibility of the police department. Another reason for the said evaluation arrangement is the neutrality pursuit wherein both parties namely the police force and the public sector desire a transparent and unbiased view on the examination. Having an outside party conduct the program evaluation will result to a process free from the political nature and pressure existing inside the police organization. With this arrangement, any bias qualities inside the program can be reduced or even eliminated as both contrasting parties have reviewed and commented on the nature of the said program. The third reason for the said arrangement in police program evaluation lies in the awareness campaign and interest of the police organization. In this concern, the police group must acknowledge the presence and relevance of the public sector representation in terms of information dissemination and awareness. Manifested in the outside party evaluation, a party representing the public must be allowed to investigate and acquire knowledge regarding the program of the police organization. Having been informed of the program’s nature and characteristics, the said party can aid the public in understanding the purpose and relevance of that program thus, gaining the trust, support, and participation of the public sector. Indeed, doing the arrangement of outside party evaluation can effectively aid the interest of the program of manifesting the function of the police organization and benefit the need of the public sector. In the pursuit of achieving effectiveness in the action and performance of the police organization, programs embodying the function of the organization are created as part of their action. In the concern of achieving the beneficial interest from the police performance, the arrangement establishing outside parties to evaluate and examine the performance program of the police organization is created. This approach is developed mainly based on the reasons of humanitarian concern, transparency in the organization’s activities, and the interest of the public for awareness in the presence and activities of the police organization. In general, the development of the said arrangement as part of the procedural activity of the police organization is for the effectiveness of their function and duty of protecting the welfare of the public and promoting peace in the society.

The Great Depression Of 1929-1939 - 2217 Words

Although the Great Depression of 1929-1939 was a detrimental and hard time for America due to increases in crime rates, unemployment rates, and shortages of food, the economic collapse was also a time for President Franklin Roosevelt to reassess the economic situation in America. Roosevelt put in place laws, agencies, and legislature that better shaped the structure of the country, and ultimately created a more powerful and stronger country, both economically and socially. The new legislature that President Roosevelt put into place lead to the United States experiencing close to seven decades of economic growth and made it one of the most influential countries in the world. The American economy slipped into a depression with the Stock Market Crash of 1929. At first, people thought it would be just another depression, similar to the seventeen or more the United States had already been through, and it wasn’t referred to as ‘The Great Depression’ until much later. This time it was different though, and much more of the population was effected as the depression overwhelmed the economy a considerable amount quicker than any had before. On October 24, a day now known as ‘Black Thursday,’ more than 12.9 million shares were traded. A second rush of anxiety swept over Wall Street only five days later on a day now referred to as ‘Black Tuesday.’ Another 16 million shares were traded that day, leaving investors with nothing. The United States GDP fell thirty percent that year,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Depression ( 1929-1939 )1813 Words   |  8 PagesThe Great Depression (1929-1939) is the worst economic downtur n that the modern world has ever seen before. Beginning with the Wall Street stock market crash of 1929, the situation grew worse in the United States, in part, due to the tremendous wealth disparity between the higher class and the lower class. Wages did not grow nearly as quickly as production did during this era, so many people were unable to purchase certain goods. As a result, there was an excess in supply, which prompted layoffsRead MoreThe Causes of Canadas Great Depression of 1929-1939 Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"On the morning of October 29, 1929, panicked voices shouted over one another. Here and there, men leaned against the walls, hands over their faces as if trying to shut out the scene. In the street outside, a crowd had gathered, trying to learn the news. A man staggered out the door, clutching his hat in both hands. He looked as though he might weep. â€Å"It’s gone,â€Å" he whispered, so quietly only the few closest to him heard. â€Å"Itâ€⠄¢s all gone.†# The term ‘Great Depression’ according to Kristin Brennan evokesRead MoreThe Great Depression By Milton Freidman And Paul Samuelson1267 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Background Information The Great Depression is defined as an era of hardship and was the â€Å"economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world† . The United States was predominantly affected by the Great Depression, soon after stock market crash of October 1929. This fiscal crisis sent Wall Street, the center of economics in New York into a state of prolonged recession that affected foreign economies. In the next few years in America, unemployment increased immenselyRead More Canada and The Great Depression of the 1930s1378 Words   |  6 Pages1929-1939- The Great Depression The depression years of 1929 - 1939 proved to be the worst, and some of the best years for Canada and Canadians. It was a time of extreme highs and lows socially, emotionally, and economically. It was a time that Canada came into her own being on the world wide stage. During the worst depression years in Canada, there were many people who tried tirelessly to get Canada out of the crisis she was in more quickly and efficiently. William Aberhart and his group ofRead MoreThe Stock Market Crash Of 19291437 Words   |  6 PagesBy early 1929, people across the United States were rushing to get into the stock market. The profits seemed so certain that even many companies placed money in the stock market. In addition, even more problematic, some banks placed their customers money in the stock market (without their consent). With the stock market prices rising, everything seemed fantastic. Many believe incorrectly that the stock market crash of 1929 is the same as the Great Depression when in fact; it was one of the majorRead MoreThe Great Depression : The Greatest Depression1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the lowest points ever seen in history that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. It can be defined as an economic slump i n North America and Europe, along with other industrialized areas of the world. The Great Depression was the longest, most severe depression ever seen, and experienced by the newly, industrialized Western world. Although there are pros and cons, as it brought in deep social and personal problems as well as a new introduction to thought and cultureRead MoreEssay on The Great Depression, Annotated Bibliography879 Words   |  4 PagesCecchetti, Stephen G. Understanding the Great Depression: Lessons for Current Policy . Monetary Economics (1997): 1-26. This article is about the circumstances that led to the collapse of the economy in 1929. It relates to my research proposal because I am evaluating historic events that led to the financial crisis of 1929. The article discusses how deflation played an important role in expanding the depression, and how the Gold Standard, a monetary system in which a country’s government allowsRead MoreThe Age Of The Depression1120 Words   |  5 PagesMany people think of the 1930s as â€Å"The Age of the Depression†. Two main events happened that cause this thought to pop into their heads. These two main events were the Great Depression and The Dust Bowl. In 1929 the stock market had crashed which led to a higher unemployment rate and a lower income, this was called the Great Depression. A couple of years before World War I The Great Plains had been plowed then a horrible drought hit the areas that were plowed. The dry dust would blow around the plainsRead MoreHoover And Roosevelt s A ctions During The Aftermath Of The Crash Of 1929792 Words   |  4 PagesCrash of 1929. How did both administrations attempt to deal with the economic stagnation, social hardship and psychological impact of the depression? What needed to be fixed and which approach proved more successful? In your essay you should address not only the underlying economic and social problems that both administrations had to deal with and the various corrective measures they adopted, but also the underlying philosophical approaches of Hoover and Roosevelt and their supporters. The Great CrashRead MoreDecade of Despair: Winnebago County During the Great Depression by Werner E. Braatz and Thomas J. Rowland1524 Words   |  6 PagesDecade of Despair: Winnebago County During the Great Depression 1929-1939. Authors are Werner E. Braatz and Thomas J. Rowland. Copyright 2009 by University Press of America. Published Lanham, Maryland 20706. ISBN-13: 978-0761846406. The stock market crash of October 1929 drastically affected the economic growth of the entire United States. In Wisconsin the attitudes of many changed and several began to devise plans on surviving the worst depression in the Nation’s history. Wisconsin, like many